KYM- Know Your Medicine

Spasmodic Pain: Causes, Mechanism & Treatment Spasmodic Pain: Causes, Mechanism & Treatment Spasmodic pain is also known as smooth muscle pain or visceral pain. It occurs due to excessive contraction of smooth muscles, especially in hollow organs of the body. 📌 Introduction When smooth muscles of hollow visceral organs contract abnormally, they stimulate pain fibers and cause discomfort. This type of pain is commonly called colic . G.I. Colic: Stomach & intestine Renal Colic: Kidney Biliary Colic: Bile duct Ureteric Colic: Ureters Uterine Colic: Uterus 📍 Site of Occurrence Smooth muscles of hollow visceral organs. ⚡ Stimulus Mechanical in nature. ⚙️ Mechanism of Spasmodic Pain Mechanical stimulus activates parasympathetic nerves Increased release of Acetylcholine (ACh) ACh binds with M1 muscarinic receptors Leads to excessive smooth muscle contraction Results in spasm (colic) and pain Importan...

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  🩺 Pain – Definition, Types & Mechanism (Easy Notes) What is Pain? Pain is one of the most common clinical symptoms of a disease. It is an unpleasant and subjective experience that occurs when body tissues are damaged. Pain acts as a protective reflex, helping the body react and remove harmful stimuli. Pain Centre The pain centre is located in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of the brain. Pain Receptors Pain is sensed through receptors. Free nerve endings act as pain receptors and are present throughout the body. These receptors respond to three types of stimuli: Mechanical Thermal Chemical Pain Pathway When pain receptors are stimulated, signals are transmitted to the brain’s pain centre, where the sensation of pain is perceived. Classification of Pain Pain can be classified as: Acute pain Chronic pain Based on origin: Skeletomuscular (Inflammatory) pain Smooth muscle (Spasmodic) pain Difference Between Pain Types Spasmodic Pain: Occurs...

🧠 Nervous System – Complete Notes (Easy & Exam Ready) 🔹 Introduction The Nervous System is the master controlling system of the human body. It controls, coordinates, and integrates all body activities. It also helps us communicate with the external environment. The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron . 🔹 Structure of Neuron Dendron – receives impulses Axon – sends impulses 🔹 Classification of Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain & Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Cranial & Spinal nerves Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Sympathetic & Parasympathetic 🔹 Brain Structure Cerebrum – memory, intelligence Thalamus – emotions Hypothalamus – temperature, hunger, sleep Cerebellum – balance Medulla – breathing & heartbeat 🔹 Cranial Nerves There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves controlling smell, vision, facial movement, and vital functions. 🔹 Spinal Cord Located inside th...

 Digestive System: How Food is Processed in Our Body 👉 English below | বাংলা নিচে 👇 What is the Digestive System? The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for: Digestion Absorption Utilization of food It consists of: 👉 Alimentary canal + Accessory organs 🧩 Alimentary Canal (G.I. Tract) 👄 Mouth Teeth chew food Saliva helps digestion Food becomes soft mass called bolus 🗣️ Pharynx Passage behind mouth Divided into oral, nasal & laryngeal parts 🔗 Oesophagus Muscular tube (~10 inches) Pushes food to stomach 🫃 Stomach J-shaped muscular organ Contains: Fundus Body Antrum 👉 Gastric juice contains: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Pepsin Gastric Lipase 👉 Function: Protein digestion Enzyme activation 🧪 Small Intestine Parts: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum 👉 Enzymes: Proteolytic (Trypsin) Lipolytic (Lipase) Amylolytic (Maltase, Lactase) 👉 Main function: ✔️ Digestion completion ✔️ Nutrient absorption 🚽 Large Intestine Parts: Colon Rectum 👉 Functions: Water absorption (≈90%) Stool form...

 💊 Pharmacology: ওষুধ কীভাবে কাজ করে? (Pharmacology: How Medicines Work in the Body) 🔬 Pharmacology কী? Pharmacology হলো সেই বিজ্ঞান যা ওষুধ (drug) নিয়ে আলোচনা করে। 👉 ওষুধ হলো এমন রাসায়নিক পদার্থ যা রোগের প্রতিরোধ নির্ণয় উপশম চিকিৎসা নিরাময়ে ব্যবহৃত হয় 🧪 Pharmacology কী নিয়ে কাজ করে? Drugs Source Appearance Chemistry Action Uses 🧬 Drug-এর উৎস 👉 ওষুধ আসতে পারে: প্রাকৃতিক উৎস (যেমন: Penicillin – fungus থেকে) ল্যাবরেটরিতে তৈরি (যেমন: Paracetamol) ⚙️ Pharmacodynamics 👉 ওষুধ শরীরে কীভাবে কাজ করে (mechanism of action) 👉 কী effect দেয় 🔄 Pharmacokinetics 👉 শরীরে ওষুধের যাত্রা: Absorption (শোষণ) Distribution (বণ্টন) Metabolism (রূপান্তর) Excretion (বর্জন) 💉 Route of Administration (ওষুধ নেওয়ার পদ্ধতি) Oral → মুখে (tablet, syrup) Parenteral → injection Topical → skin-এ Inhalation → inhaler Sublingual → জিভের নিচে 👉 ওষুধ শরীরে ঢোকার পর blood-এ absorb হয় ⏱️ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ টার্ম Latency → ওষুধ খাওয়ার পর কাজ শুরু হতে সময় Time to Peak Effect → সর্বোচ্চ কাজ করতে সময় Biologica...

 Anatomy & Physiology: মানব শরীরের বেসিক ধারণা (Anatomy & Physiology: Basic Understanding of the Human Body) আমাদের শরীর কীভাবে গঠিত এবং কীভাবে কাজ করে—এই দুটো বিষয় বুঝতে হলে Anatomy এবং Physiology সম্পর্কে পরিষ্কার ধারণা থাকা খুব জরুরি। Anatomy কী? Anatomy হলো শরীরের গঠন (structure) নিয়ে পড়াশোনা। 👉 শরীরের বিভিন্ন অঙ্গ ও তাদের পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক বোঝায়। ⚙️ Physiology কী? Physiology হলো শরীরের কাজ (function) নিয়ে পড়াশোনা। 👉 শরীরের অঙ্গগুলো কীভাবে কাজ করে এবং একে অপরের সাথে সমন্বয় করে তা বোঝায়। 🧬 মানব শরীরের গঠন 1️⃣ Cell (কোষ) Cell হলো শরীরের সবচেয়ে ছোট structural & functional unit। Protoplasm দিয়ে তৈরি Nucleus থাকে Cell membrane দিয়ে ঘেরা 🔑 কাজ: Self protection Reproduction Nutrition Respiration Excretion Energy production 👉 Cell = জীবনের মূল ভিত্তি 🧩 2️⃣ Tissue (টিস্যু) একই ধরনের কোষ একসাথে মিললে tissue তৈরি হয়। প্রকার: Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous 🏥 3️⃣ Organ (অঙ্গ) একাধিক tissue মিলে organ তৈরি হয় 👉 যেমন: Liver, Kidney 🔗 4️⃣ System (সিস্ট...

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