🧠 Nervous System – Complete Notes (Easy & Exam Ready)

🧠 Nervous System – Complete Notes (Easy & Exam Ready)

🔹 Introduction

The Nervous System is the master controlling system of the human body. It controls, coordinates, and integrates all body activities. It also helps us communicate with the external environment.

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron.

🔹 Structure of Neuron

  • Dendron – receives impulses
  • Axon – sends impulses

🔹 Classification of Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain & Spinal Cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Cranial & Spinal nerves
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

🔹 Brain Structure

  • Cerebrum – memory, intelligence
  • Thalamus – emotions
  • Hypothalamus – temperature, hunger, sleep
  • Cerebellum – balance
  • Medulla – breathing & heartbeat

🔹 Cranial Nerves

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves controlling smell, vision, facial movement, and vital functions.

🔹 Spinal Cord

Located inside the vertebral column. It has 31 segments and gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

🔹 Types of Nervous System

  • Voluntary – under our control
  • Involuntary – controls heart rate, respiration, digestion

🔹 Receptors

Receptors receive stimuli and convert them into electrical impulses.

🔹 Mechanism of Nerve Action

  1. Stimulus activates receptor
  2. Signal goes to brain
  3. Brain processes information
  4. Response sent to muscles

Reflex Action: Quick response controlled by spinal cord.

🔹 Components of Nervous System

  • Receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Synapse
  • Effector organ

🔹 Neurotransmitter

Chemical substances like Adrenaline and Acetylcholine that transmit signals.

🔹 Synapse

Junction between two neurons where impulse transmission occurs.

🔹 Important Centres

  • Cardiac centre
  • Respiratory centre
  • Vomiting centre
  • Cough centre

🧠 āϏ্āύাāϝ়ুāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ – āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āύোāϟ

🔹 āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤি

āϏ্āύাāϝ়ুāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŽাāύāĻŦāĻĻেāĻšেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা। āĻāϟি āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•াāϜ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে।

🔹 āύিāωāϰāύেāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ

  • āĻĄেāύāĻĄ্āϰāύ – āωāĻĻ্āĻĻীāĻĒāύা āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে
  • āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•্āϏāύ – āωāĻĻ্āĻĻীāĻĒāύা āĻĒ্āϰেāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে

🔹 āĻŦিāĻ­াāϜāύ

  • CNS – āĻŽāϏ্āϤিāώ্āĻ• āĻ“ āĻŽেāϰুāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ
  • PNS – āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āύাāϰ্āĻ­
  • ANS – Sympathetic āĻ“ Parasympathetic

🔹 āĻŽāϏ্āϤিāώ্āĻ•

  • Cerebrum – āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ“ āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি
  • Thalamus – āφāĻŦেāĻ—
  • Hypothalamus – āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ
  • Cerebellum – āĻ­াāϰāϏাāĻŽ্āϝ
  • Medulla – āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻ“ āĻšৃāĻĻāϏ্āĻĒāύ্āĻĻāύ

🔹 āĻŽেāϰুāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ

ā§Šā§§āϟি āĻ…ংāĻļ āύিāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻāĻŦং ā§Šā§§ āϜোāĻĄ়া āύাāϰ্āĻ­ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻ•āϰে।

🔹 āϏ্āύাāϝ়ুāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϧāϰāύ

  • Voluntary – āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ
  • Involuntary – āϏ্āĻŦāϝ়ংāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়

🔹 āϰিāϏেāĻĒ্āϟāϰ

āωāĻĻ্āĻĻীāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে āĻŦৈāĻĻ্āϝুāϤিāĻ• āϏংāĻ•েāϤে āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰে।

🔹 āύাāϰ্āĻ­েāϰ āĻ•াāϜ

  1. āωāĻĻ্āĻĻীāĻĒāύা āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ
  2. āĻŽāϏ্āϤিāώ্āĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻ াāύো
  3. āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āϏৃāώ্āϟি

🔹 āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻ…ংāĻļ

  • Receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Synapse
  • Effector organ

🔹 āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ

āϏ্āύাāϝ়ুāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻļāϰীāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻ•াāϜ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻŦং āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।

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